Carbon sequestration costs and spatial spillover effects in China's collective forests

Table 5 Decomposition of direct and indirect effects of carbon sequestration cost spatial spillover

	Total effect		Indirect effect		Direct effect
	Effect	T-value	Effect	T-value	Effect	T-value
Forestry GDP	− 19.423^**	− 2.377	4.205	0.646	− 23.628^***	− 6.848
Wood production	− 13.537^***	− 11.726	− 8.252^***	− 8.228	− 5.285^***	− 7.870
Afforestation area	− 0.365	− 0.227	− 0.939	− 0.688	0.574	0.623
Labor Price	− 4.871^**	− 2.009	− 4.271^**	− 2.132	− 0.600	− 0.471
Land use costs	88.601^***	11.063	33.567^***	4.647	55.034^***	14.363
Rural residents’ consumption	33.242^***	3.817	16.724^**	2.244	16.519^***	4.049
Forest stock	− 3.775^**	− 2.051	7.122^***	4.335	− 10.896^***	− 10.794
Population density	65.900^***	3.706	− 3.527	− 0.219	69.427^***	8.254

ISSN: 1750-0680