Table 4 Regression Results of Panel data Spatial Durbin Model of Carbon Fixation Cost

Forestry GDP

− 28.446^***

− 26.356^***

− 6.734^***

− 24.152^***

(− 9.421)

(− 7.892)

(− 5.000)

(− 6.836)

Wood production

− 2.317^***

− 3.206^***

− 0.700

− 5.044^***

(− 3.041)

(− 4.487)

(− 1.160)

(− 7.332)

Afforestation area

2.310^**

1.259

10.483^***

0.610

(2.413)

(1.389)

(12.124)

(0.687)

Labor Price

0.947

− 0.749

5.134^***

− 0.438

(0.733)

(− 0.616)

(3.507)

(− 0.323)

Land use costs

47.626^***

46.831^***

31.860^***

54.240^***

(11.947)

(11.590)

(14.037)

(13.613)

Rural residents' consumption

7.795^*

11.268^***

20.160^***

16.143^***

(1.777)

(2.682)

(5.876)

(3.724)

Forest stock

− 10.287^***

− 10.969^***

− 6.842^***

− 11.136^***

(− 9.532)

(− 10.568)

(− 10.958)

(− 11.258)

Population density

16.831^**

47.243^***

− 3.590^***

68.675^***

(2.156)

(5.693)

(− 4.879)

(8.156)

W × Forestry GDP

4.256

0.002

14.980^***

0.220

(0.900)

(0.000)

(5.423)

(0.027)

W × Wood production

− 5.278^***

− 4.414^***

− 7.638^***

− 11.437^***

(− 4.869)

(− 4.059)

(− 7.687)

(− 9.322)

W × Afforestation area

− 1.075

− 0.412

5.172^***

− 0.992

(-0.780)

(− 0.303)

(2.687)

(− 0.569)

W × Labor Price

− 2.858^**

− 1.727

-0.901

− 5.460^**

(− 1.992)

(− 1.244)

(− 0.321)

(− 2.163)

W × Land use costs

− 3.391

− 1.505

− 1.748

53.097^***

(− 0.599)

(− 0.262)

(− 0.356)

(5.830)

W × Rural residents’ consumption

8.589

6.449

39.658^***

24.594^***

(1.630)

(1.233)

(5.497)

(2.696)

W × Forest stock

4.829^**

4.244^**

4.522^***

6.333^***

(2.452)

(2.098)

(3.052)

(2.923)

W × Population density

− 14.398

− 48.095^***

− 9.381^***

11.131

(− 1.472)

(− 3.008)

(− 6.696)

(0.579)

Spatial rho

− 0.077

− 0.049

− 0.132^**

− 0.220^***

(− 1.272)

(− 0.828)

(− 2.148)

(− 3.576)

Year FE

No

No

Yes

Yes

Prov FE

No

Yes

No

Yes

N

870

870

870

870

r²

0.379

0.214

0.522

0.240