Table 2 Description of the individual disturbance types that are entered in the input file, all in mass unit of carbon (t C) except Dist. 6 and Dist. 8 that represent interventions defined by area (ha)

Dist. 2

Thinning

Commercial thinning of merchantable trees in age classes 2–5 (species-dependent) resulting in a 10–30% reduction in biomass carbon

Dist. 3a

Salvage with clear-cut

Salvage clear-cut logging of 100% of merchantable trees on areas with both abiotic and biotic disturbance. A fraction of harvest residues may be burned

Dist. 3b

Salvage without clear-cut

Selective salvage logging of merchantable trees in small patches with abiotic and/or biotic disturbance that does not result in open clear-cuts

Dist. 4

Clear-cut harvesting without salvage

Final commercial felling of merchantable trees, 5% of trees left aside as seed trees enhancing biodiversity. A small portion of harvest residues may be burned

Dist. 5

Clear-cut with slash-burn

Logging of 85% of merchantable trees followed by the burning of slash. This disturbance is only used for the initialization of dead organic matter pools

Dist. 6

100% mortality

Death of standing trees due to drought and/or bark-beetle attack, representing transfer of living biomass to snag stemwood (in area units)

Dist. 7

90% mortality

Harvest of snag stemwood after previous mortality of standing trees due to drought and/or bark-beetle attack

Dist. 8

Reforestation

Reforestation of forest stands after the previous mortality of tree layer (in area units) - not involving any land-use conversion