Table 5 Multivariate probit results on the type of low carbon technology adoption

Farmer and household characteristics

 Gender

0.280 (0.280)

0.268 (0.278)

0.245 (0.250)

0.014 (0.230)

0.223 (0.231)

0.036 (0.231)

− 0.013 (0.250)

 Age

− 0.049 (0.018)

− 0.022 (0.019)

0.013 (0.017)

− 0.040 (0.017)^b

− 0.007 (0.017)

− 0.037 (0.017)^b

− 0.026 (0.017)

 Education

− 0.035 (0.029)

0.113 (0.033)^c

0.050 (0.028)^a

0.039 (0.017) ^b

0.140 (0.029)^c

0.052 (0.028)^a

0.058 (0.031)^a

 Experience

0.028 (0.020)

− 0.020 (0.021)

− 0.010 (0.019)

0.129 (0.177)

− 0.016 (0.019)

0.034 (0.018)

0.038 (0.019)

 Household size

0.145 (0.155)

− 0.208 (0.159)

0.222 (0.149)

0.448 (0.146)^c

0.369 (0.153)^b

0.256 (0.144)^a

0.103 (0.153)

 Farmer behavior

 Climate change awareness

0.395 (0.205)

0.261 (0.109)^a

0.512 (0.197)^a

0.395 (0.118)^c

0.223 (0.115)^a

0.347 (0.203)^a

0.639 (0.205)^c

 Low carbon agriculture awareness

0.258 (0.141)^a

0.424 (0.135)^c

0.042 (0.033)

0.186 (0.130)

0.016 (0.019)

0.195 (0.125)

0.237 (0.139)^a

 Risk aversion

0.057 (0.058)

− 0.096 (0.026)^c

− 0.056 (0.058)

− 0.076 (0.054)

− 0.069 (0.066)

0.026 (0.056)

− 0.008 (0.060)

Field characteristics

 Farm income ratio

− 0.090 (0.076)

0.219 (0.143)

0.171 (0.140)

0.032 (0.119)

− 0.130 (0.127)

− 0.169 (0.131)

− 0.172 (0.139)

 Farm size

0.055 (0.047)

− 0.062 (0.055)

− 0.063 (0.045)

0.015 (0.043)

− 0.073 (0.045)

− 0.007 (0.042)

− 0.001 (0.045)

 Machinery ownership

− 0.066 (0.058)

0.710 (0.200)^c

0.147 (0.175)

− 0.161 (0.174)

− 0.518 (0.179)^c

− 0.113 (0.169)

0.765 (0.171)

 Soil fertility deficiency

− 0.193 (0.102)^a

− 0.098 (0.077)

0.153 (0.087)^a

− 0.031 (0.089)

0.046 (0.092)

− 0.180 (0.087)^b

0.020 (0.090)

 Sufficient water irrigation

− 0.030 (0.025)

0.243 (0.072)^c

0.109 (0.156)

− 0.388 (0.155)^b

0.356 (0.163)^b

0.044 (0.151)

− 0.095 (0.161)

External environment

 Credit access

0.075 (0.066)

− 0.081 (0.070)

− 0.008 (0.061)

− 0.097 (0.060)

0.219 (0.062)^c

− 0.030 (0.059)^b

0.144 (0.065)^b

 Technical support

0.425 (0.113)^c

− 0.264 (0.073) ^c

0.382 (0.158)^b

0.366 (0.157)^b

0.145 (0.166)

0.064 (0.153)

0.377 (0.164)^b

 Subsidies

0.067 (0.021)^c

0.072 (0.022)^c

0.072 (0.020)^c

0.009 (0.018)

0.069 (0.020)^c

0.043 (0.019)^a

0.019 (0.029)

 Constant

2.077 (1.074)^a

− 1.073 (1.060)

− 0.978 (0.910)

0.969 (0.976)

− 1.134 (1.011)

1.792 (0.984)

1.317 (1.007)

 Log likelihood

− 2034.61

 Prob. > chi²

0.0000

 Wald chi² (112)

1165.23