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Table 1 Displacement factors (tC/tC) for various house types

From: Substitution impacts of Nordic wood-based multi-story building types: influence of the decarbonization of the energy sector and increased recycling of construction materials

Compared house types

2020

2050

Including decarbonization only

Including recycling only

Including decarbonization and recycling

Mean

Min

Max

Mean

Min

Max

Mean

Min

Max

Mean

Min

Max

CLT vs concretea

0.98

0.82

1.12

0.19

0.09

0.30

0.41

0.22

0.65

0.40

0.34

0.46

Modular vs concretea

2.27

1.94

2.64

0.46

0.22

0.71

0.97

0.53

1.45

0.96

0.82

1.09

CLT vs concreteb

0.09

− 0.04

0.22

− 0.04

− 0.10

0.01

− 0.01

− 0.12

0.10

− 0.10

− 0.16

− 0.02

Timber vs concrete

0.34

− 0.04

0.73

− 0.01

− 0.11

0.08

0.06

− 0.27

0.31

− 0.12

− 0.21

− 0.02

Massive timber elements vs in situ castingc

0.63

0.28

1.00

0.09

0.02

0.17

0.23

0.00

0.49

0.14

0.07

0.22

Prefab. elem. vs in situ castc

0.32

− 0.25

0.92

− 0.06

− 0.14

0.03

0.03

− 0.38

0.41

0.03

− 0.38

0.41

Massive elements vs PFHc

− 0.01

− 0.50

0.42

− 0.15

− 0.29

− 0.07

− 0.12

− 0.48

0.16

− 0.28

− 0.33

− 0.23

Massive elements vs VSTc

0.24

0.03

0.47

− 0.03

− 0.09

0.00

0.13

− 0.01

0.27

− 0.08

− 0.11

− 0.04

Column-beam vs in situ castingc

− 0.01

− 0.50

0.42

− 0.15

− 0.29

− 0.07

− 0.12

− 0.48

0.16

− 0.28

− 0.33

− 0.23

Prefab. elem vs PFHc

0.07

− 0.20

0.35

− 0.05

− 0.11

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.27

0.14

− 0.09

− 0.13

− 0.05

Column-beam vs PVFc

− 0.48

− 0.83

− 0.12

− 0.20

− 0.27

− 0.12

− 0.25

− 0.52

− 0.05

− 0.41

− 0.43

− 0.40

Column-beam vs vst systemc

1.28

0.96

1.60

0.12

0.09

0.15

0.74

0.41

1.15

0.17

0.14

0.19

Prefab elem. vs vst systemc

− 0.09

− 0.50

0.29

− 0.16

− 0.25

− 0.07

− 0.05

− 0.29

0.20

− 0.41

− 0.43

− 0.38

  1. aTettey et al. [30]
  2. bRuuska and Häkkinen 2012
  3. cPeñaloza et al. 2018