Comparative assessment of net CO 2 exchange across an urbanization gradient in Korea based on eddy covariance measurements

Table 4 Annual net CO₂ fluxes (Fc) from suburban and urban residential areas in the literature

Location	Vegetation fraction, Fv (%)	Population density, P (inh km⁻²)	Fc (kg CO₂ m⁻² year⁻¹)	Fc/P (t C year⁻¹ inh⁻¹)	References
Seoul, Korea	40	15,000	10.1	0.18	This study
Ochang, Korea	64	770	3.7	1.31	This study
Tokyo, Japan	21	11,800	12.3	0.28	[52]
Tokyo, Japan	5.5^a	16,600	15.8	0.26	[55]
Beijing, China	15	1309	18.0	3.75	[58]
Singapore	15	7491	6.5	0.24	[53]
Melbourne, Australia	38	2939	8.5	0.79	[5]
Helsinki, Finland	44	3262	6.5	0.54	[54]
Arnhem, Netherlands	12	8425	29.3	0.95	[48]
Swindon, UK	44	4700	6.4	0.37	[7]
Vancouver, Canada	35	6420	24.6	1.05	[56]
Montreal, Canada (URB)	29	8400	20.4	0.66	[6]
Montreal, Canada (SUB)	50	3150	5.2	0.45	[6]
Baltimore, USA	67	1500	1.3	0.24	[61]