Table 7 Model (echo-based and CHM) evaluation for each study site and power model fitted

Sierra Nevada Mountains

Echo

\(\hat{y} = \alpha X^{\beta }\)

α = 2.75; β = 1.52

CHM

α = 11.72; β = 1.07

Echo

  \(\hat{y} = \alpha x_{1}^{\beta } x_{2}^{\gamma }\)

α = 11.50; β = 1.20; γ = 0.88

CHM

α = 4.22; β = 1.39; γ = −0.62

Barro Colorado Island

Echo

\(\hat{y} = \alpha X^{\beta }\)

α = 1.80; β = 1.61

CHM

α = 2.07; β = 1.49

Echo

\(\hat{y} = \alpha x_{1}^{\beta } x_{2}^{\gamma }\)

α = 9.24; β = 1.12; γ = 0.11

CHM

α = 12.32; β = 0.97; γ = 0.13

Serra do Mar

Echo

\(\hat{y} = \alpha X^{\beta }\)

α = 2.69 (3.08); β = 1.88 (0.26)

CHM

α = 1.68 (2.47); β = 2.00 (0.33)

Echo

\(\hat{y} = \alpha x_{1}^{\beta } x_{2}^{\gamma }\)

α = 0.68 (1.43); β = 2.55 (0.42); γ = −3.3 (1.08)

CHM

α = 2.70 (6.60); β = 2.14 (0.48); γ = −16.79 (16.34)