Fig. 2

a Harvest-related C dynamics (in Mt CO₂ year⁻¹, reported on the left axis) and volume removed according to our model (in million m³, on the right axis), in terms of fuelwood (FW) immediately released into the atmosphere and industrial roundwood (IRW) moved from forest to HWP; b indirect total CO₂ emissions (in Mt CO₂ year⁻¹, reported on the left axis) due to storm and insect attacks (reported as volume, in million m³, on the left axis), further distinguished between the amount of biomass moved from living biomass to DOM pool (black dots) due to the disturbances and directly recovered as salvage logging (white dots); c CO₂ emissions (in Mt CO₂ year⁻¹) due to fires, distinguished between direct—i.e. immediately released into the atmosphere (according to our estimates and compared with the data reported in the EU GHGI [13])—and indirect emissions, i.e. moved from biomass to DOM pool (black dots), from where it will decompose in subsequent years