Table 2 Spectral indices derived from the spectral band reflectance values

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)

NDVI = (NIR − red)/(NIR + red)

[47]

Enhanced vegetation index

EVI = (NIR − red)/(NIR + 6 (red) − 7.5 (blue) + 1)

[48]

Soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)

SAVI = ((NIR − red)/(NIR + red + 0.5)) (1.5)

[49]

Modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI)

MSAVI = (2 (NIR) + 1 − sqrt ((2 (NIR) + 1)² − 8 (NIR − red)))/2

[50, 51]

Normalized difference moisture index (NDMI)

NDMI = (NIR − SWIR1)/(NIR + SWIR1)

[52]

Normalized burn ratio (NBR)

NBR = (NIR − SWIR2)/(NIR + SWIR2)

[53]

Normalized burn ratio-2 (NBR2)

NBR2 = (SWIR1 − SWIR2)/(SWIR1 + SWIR2)

[53]