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Table 4 Predictors, number of observations (n), pseudo R-squared (R2), and relative root mean square error from the LOOCV (RMSECV %) for separate LMM fitted for different vegetation types and land use types

From: Modelling aboveground forest biomass using airborne laser scanner data in the miombo woodlands of Tanzania

Categorya

Predictorsb

n

R2

RMSEcv %

Vegetation type

 Forest

PF20, MaxL, MeanL, PL10, PL40, PL70, PL90, TL9

40

0.85

23.9

 Woodlands

PF70, TF0, PL20

391

0.63

45.3

 Other cover types

MeanF, PF20, PF60, TF5, MaxL, PL70

58

0.83

68.3

Land use type

 Production and protection forests

PF40, PF60, PF70, TF0, TF9, PL20

314

0.64

40.8

 Wildlife reserves

CVF, PF20, PF90, TF5

91

0.73

49.8

 Agriculture and other land uses

TF1, TF4, MaxL, MeanL, CVL, TL0, TL4

84

0.69

68.0

  1. aForest = land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees that have heights of more than 5 m and a canopy cover of more than 10 %. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Woodland = forestland with less dense canopy cover compared to forest. Other cover types = all cover types that were neither forest nor woodlands. Production and protection forests = forest areas designated for protection of water (i.e. catchment forests) and that designated for production of wood, respectively. Wildlife reserves = forest areas designated for game reserves and game controlled areas. Agriculture and other land use types = areas designated primarily for a function other than production, protection or game reserves. Details descriptions of these categories are given in MNRT [60]
  2. bPF20, PF40, PF70, and PF90 = Percentiles of the first echo canopy heights for 20 %, 40 %, 70 %, and 90 (m); PL10, PL20, PL70, and PL90 = Percentiles of the last echo canopy heights for 10, 20, 70, and 90 % (m); TF0, TF1, TF4, and TF5 = Canopy densities corresponding to the proportion of first echoes above fraction #0 (1.3 m), #1, #4, and #5; TL0, TL4, TL6, TL7, and TL8 = Canopy densities corresponding to the proportion of last echoes above fraction #0 (1.3 m), #4, #6, #7, and #8; MeanF and MeanL = arithmetic mean of first or last echo laser canopy heights, respectively (m); MaxF and MaxL = maximum of first or last echo laser canopy heights, respectively (m); CVF and CVL = Coefficient of variations for the first and last echo laser canopy heights, respectively