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Table 1 Forest degradation activities and their degree of detection using Landsat-type data, adapted from [44].

From: Options for monitoring and estimating historical carbon emissions from forest degradation in the context of REDD+

Highly Detectable

Detection limited & increasing data/effort

Detection very limited

• Deforestation

• Forest fragmentation

• Recent slash-and-burn agriculture

• Major canopy fires

• Major roads

• Conversion to tree monoculture

• Hydroelectric dams and other forms of flood disturbances

• Large-scale mining

• Selective logging

• Forest surface fires

• A range of edge-effects

• Oldslash-and-burn agriculture

• Small scale mining

• Unpaved secondary roads (6-20 m wide)

• Selective thinning of canopy trees

• Harvesting of most non-timber plants products

• Low-mechanized selective logging

• Narrow roads (< 6 m wide)

• Understory thinning and clear cutting

• Invasion of exotic species